mouse-1

Move point to where you click (mouse-set-point).

Drag-mouse-1

Activate the region around the text selected by dragging, and put the text in the primary selection (mouse-set-region).

mouse-2

Move point to where you click, and insert the contents of the primary selection there (mouse-yank-primary).

mouse-3

If the region is active, move the nearer end of the region to the click position; otherwise, set mark at the current value of point and point at the click position. Save the resulting region in the kill ring; on a second click, kill it (mouse-save-then-kill).

C-M-mouse-1

Activate a rectangular region around the text selected by dragging. Rectangles.

The most basic mouse command is mouse-set-point, which is invoked by clicking with the left mouse button, mouse-1, in the text area of a window. This moves point to the position where you clicked. If that window was not the selected window, it becomes the selected window. You can also activate a region by double-clicking mouse-1 (Word and Line Mouse). Normally, if the frame you clicked in was not the selected frame, it is made the selected frame, in addition to selecting the window and setting the cursor. On the X Window System, you can change this by setting the variable x-mouse-click-focus-ignore-position to t. In that case, the initial click on an unselected frame just selects the frame, without doing anything else; clicking again selects the window and sets the cursor position. Holding down mouse-1 and dragging the mouse over a stretch of text activates the region around that text (mouse-set-region), placing the mark where you started holding down the mouse button, and point where you release it (Mark). In addition, the text in the region becomes the primary selection (Primary Selection). If you change the variable mouse-drag-copy-region to a non-nil value, dragging the mouse over a stretch of text also adds the text to the kill ring. The default is nil. If you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window while dragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouse back into the window. This way, you can select regions that don't fit entirely on the screen. The number of lines scrolled per step depends on how far away from the window edge the mouse has gone; the variable mouse-scroll-min-lines specifies a minimum step size. Clicking with the middle mouse button, mouse-2, moves point to the position where you clicked and inserts the contents of the primary selection (mouse-yank-primary). Primary Selection. This behavior is consistent with other X applications. Alternatively, you can rebind mouse-2 to mouse-yank-at-click, which performs a yank at the position you click. If you change the variable mouse-yank-at-point to a non-nil value, mouse-2 does not move point; it inserts the text at point, regardless of where you clicked or even which of the frame's windows you clicked on. This variable affects both mouse-yank-primary and mouse-yank-at-click. Clicking with the right mouse button, mouse-3, runs the command mouse-save-then-kill. This performs several actions depending on where you click and the status of the region:

• If no region is active, clicking mouse-3 activates the region, placing the mark where point was and point at the clicked position.
• If a region is active, clicking mouse-3 adjusts the nearer end of the region by moving it to the clicked position. The adjusted region's text is copied to the kill ring; if the text in the original region was already on the kill ring, it replaces it there.
• If you originally specified the region using a double or triple mouse-1, so that the region is defined to consist of entire words or lines (Word and Line Mouse), then adjusting the region with mouse-3 also proceeds by entire words or lines.
• If you use mouse-3 a second time consecutively, at the same place, that kills the region already selected. Thus, the simplest way to kill text with the mouse is to click mouse-1 at one end, then click mouse-3 twice at the other end. To copy the text into the kill ring without deleting it from the buffer, press mouse-3 just once—or just drag across the text with mouse-1. Then you can copy it elsewhere by yanking it.

The mouse-save-then-kill command also obeys the variable mouse-drag-copy-region (described above). If the value is non-nil, then whenever the command sets or adjusts the active region, the text in the region is also added to the kill ring. If the latest kill ring entry had been added the same way, that entry is replaced rather than making a new entry. Whenever you set the region using any of the mouse commands described above, the mark will be deactivated by any subsequent unshifted cursor motion command, in addition to the usual ways of deactivating the mark. Shift Selection. Some mice have a "wheel" which can be used for scrolling. Emacs supports scrolling windows with the mouse wheel, by default, on most graphical displays. To toggle this feature, use M-x mouse-wheel-mode. The variables mouse-wheel-follow-mouse and mouse-wheel-scroll-amount determine where and by how much buffers are scrolled. The variable mouse-wheel-progressive-speed determines whether the scroll speed is linked to how fast you move the wheel. This mode also supports increasing or decreasing the height of the default face, by default bound to scrolling with the Ctrl modifier. Emacs also supports horizontal scrolling with the Shift modifier. Typing a numeric prefix arg (e.g., M-5) before starting horizontal scrolling changes its step value defined by the user option mouse-wheel-scroll-amount-horizontal. If your mouse's wheel can be tilted, or if your touchpad supports it, then you can also enable horizontal scrolling by customizing the variable mouse-wheel-tilt-scroll to a non-nil value. By default, tilting the mouse wheel scrolls the window's view horizontally in the direction of the tilt: e.g., tilting to the right scrolls the window to the right, so that the text displayed in the window moves horizontally to the left. If you'd like to reverse the direction of horizontal scrolling, customize the variable mouse-wheel-flip-direction to a non-nil value. When the mouse pointer is over an image in Image mode, Image Mode, scrolling the mouse wheel with the Ctrl modifier scales the image under the mouse pointer, and scrolling the mouse wheel with the Shift modifier scrolls the image horizontally.

These variants of mouse-1 select entire words or lines at a time. Emacs activates the region around the selected text, which is also copied to the kill ring.

Double-mouse-1

Select the text around the word or character which you click on. Double-clicking on a character with symbol syntax (such as underscore, in C mode) selects the symbol surrounding that character. Double-clicking on a character with open- or close-parenthesis syntax selects the parenthetical grouping which that character starts or ends. Double-clicking on a character with string-delimiter syntax (such as a single-quote or double-quote in C) selects the string constant (Emacs uses heuristics to figure out whether that character is the beginning or the end of it). Double-clicking on the beginning of a parenthetical grouping or beginning string-delimiter moves point to the end of the region, scrolling the buffer display forward if necessary to show the new location of point. Double-clicking on the end of a parenthetical grouping or end string-delimiter keeps point at the end of the region by default, so the beginning of the region will not be visible if it is above the top of the window; setting the user option mouse-select-region-move-to-beginning to non-nil changes this to move point to the beginning of the region, scrolling the display backward if necessary.

Double-Drag-mouse-1

Select the text you drag across, in units of whole words.

Triple-mouse-1

Select the line you click on.

Triple-Drag-mouse-1

Select the text you drag across, in units of whole lines.

Some Emacs buffers include buttons, or hyperlinks: pieces of text that perform some action (e.g., following a reference) when activated (e.g., by clicking on them). Usually, a button's text is visually highlighted: it is underlined, or a box is drawn around it. If you move the mouse over a button, the shape of the mouse cursor changes and the button lights up. If you change the variable mouse-highlight to nil, Emacs disables this highlighting. You can activate a button by moving point to it and typing RET, or by clicking either mouse-1 or mouse-2 on the button. For example, in a Dired buffer, each file name is a button; activating it causes Emacs to visit that file (Dired). In a *Compilation* buffer, each error message is a button, and activating it visits the source code for that error (Compilation). Although clicking mouse-1 on a button usually activates the button, if you hold the mouse button down for a period of time before releasing it (specifically, for more than 450 milliseconds), then Emacs moves point where you clicked, without activating the button. In this way, you can use the mouse to move point over a button without activating it. Dragging the mouse over or onto a button has its usual behavior of setting the region, and does not activate the button. You can change how mouse-1 applies to buttons by customizing the variable mouse-1-click-follows-link. If the value is a positive integer, that determines how long you need to hold the mouse button down for, in milliseconds, to cancel button activation; the default is 450, as described in the previous paragraph. If the value is nil, mouse-1 just sets point where you clicked, and does not activate buttons. If the value is double, double clicks activate buttons but single clicks just set point. Normally, mouse-1 on a button activates the button even if it is in a non-selected window. If you change the variable mouse-1-click-in-non-selected-windows to nil, mouse-1 on a button in an unselected window moves point to the clicked position and selects that window, without activating the button.

Several mouse clicks with the Ctrl and SHIFT modifiers bring up menus.

C-mouse-1

This menu is for selecting a buffer. The MSB ("mouse select buffer") global minor mode makes this menu smarter and more customizable. Buffer Menus.

C-mouse-2

This menu contains entries for examining faces and other text properties, and well as for setting them (the latter is mainly useful when editing enriched text; Enriched Text).

C-mouse-3

This menu is mode-specific. For most modes if Menu-bar mode is on, this menu has the same items as all the mode-specific menu-bar menus put together. Some modes may specify a different menu for this button. If Menu Bar mode is off, this menu contains all the items which would be present in the menu bar—not just the mode-specific ones—so that you can access them without having to display the menu bar.

S-mouse-1

This menu is for changing the default face within the window's buffer. Text Scale.

Many GUI applications use mouse-3 to display context menus: menus that provide access to various pertinent settings and actions for the location and context of the mouse click. If you prefer this in Emacs over the default function of mouse-3, which is bound to the mouse-save-then-kill command (Mouse Commands), you can enable the minor mode context-menu-mode. Then Emacs will show context menus when you click mouse-3. The exact contents of these context menus depends on the current major mode and the buffer contents around the place where you click the mouse. To customize the contents of the context menu, you can use the variable context-menu-functions (Major Mode Conventions). You can also invoke the context menu by pressing S-F10.

You can use mouse clicks on window mode lines to select and manipulate windows. Some areas of the mode line, such as the buffer name, and major and minor mode names, have their own special mouse bindings. These areas are highlighted when you hold the mouse over them, and information about the special bindings will be displayed (Tooltips). This section's commands do not apply in those areas.

mouse-1

mouse-1 on a mode line selects the window it belongs to. By dragging mouse-1 on the mode line, you can move it, thus changing the height of the windows above and below. Changing heights with the mouse in this way never deletes windows, it just refuses to make any window smaller than the minimum height.

mouse-2

mouse-2 on a mode line expands that window to fill its frame.

mouse-3

mouse-3 on a mode line deletes the window it belongs to. If the frame has only one window, it does nothing.

C-mouse-2

C-mouse-2 on a mode line splits that window, producing two side-by-side windows with the boundary running through the click position (Split Window).

Furthermore, by clicking and dragging mouse-1 on the divider between two side-by-side mode lines, you can move the vertical boundary to the left or right. Note that resizing windows is affected by the value of window-resize-pixelwise, see Split Window.

The prefix key C-x 5 is analogous to C-x 4. Whereas each C-x 4 command pops up a buffer in a different window in the selected frame (Pop Up Window), the C-x 5 commands use a different frame. If an existing visible or iconified (a.k.a. "minimized", Visibility of Frames) frame already displays the requested buffer, that frame is raised and deiconified ("un-minimized"); otherwise, a new frame is created on the current display terminal. The various C-x 5 commands differ in how they find or create the buffer to select:

C-x 5 2

Create a new frame using the default frame parameters (make-frame-command).

C-x 5 c

Create a new frame using the window configuration and frame parameters of the current frame (clone-frame).

C-x 5 b bufname RET

Select buffer bufname in another frame. This runs switch-to-buffer-other-frame.

C-x 5 f filename RET

Visit file filename and select its buffer in another frame. This runs find-file-other-frame. Visiting.

C-x 5 d directory RET

Select a Dired buffer for directory directory in another frame. This runs dired-other-frame. Dired.

C-x 5 m

Start composing a mail message in another frame. This runs compose-mail-other-frame. It is the other-frame variant of C-x m. Sending Mail.

C-x 5 .

Find the definition of an identifier in another frame. This runs xref-find-definitions-other-frame, the multiple-frame variant of M-.. Xref.

C-x 5 r filename RET

Visit file filename read-only, and select its buffer in another frame. This runs find-file-read-only-other-frame. Visiting.

C-x 5 5

A more general prefix command that affects the buffer displayed by the next command invoked immediately after this prefix command (other-frame-prefix). It requests the buffer of the next command to be displayed in another frame.

You can control the appearance and behavior of the newly-created frames by specifying frame parameters. Frame Parameters.

The following commands are used to delete and operate on frames:

C-x 5 0

Delete the selected frame (delete-frame). This signals an error if there is only one frame.

C-z

Minimize (or iconify) the selected Emacs frame (suspend-frame). Exiting.

C-x 5 o

Select another frame, and raise it. If you repeat this command, it cycles through all the frames on your terminal.

C-x 5 1

Delete all frames on the current terminal, except the selected one.

M-F10

Toggle the maximization state of the current frame. When a frame is maximized, it fills the screen.

F11

Toggle full-screen mode for the current frame. (The difference between full-screen and maximized is normally that the former hides window manager decorations, giving slightly more screen space to Emacs itself.)

Note that with some window managers you may have to customize the variable frame-resize-pixelwise to a non-nil value in order to make a frame truly maximized or full-screen. This variable, when set to a non-nil value, in general allows resizing frames at pixel resolution, rather than in integral multiples of lines and columns. The C-x 5 0 (delete-frame) command deletes the selected frame. However, it will refuse to delete the last frame in an Emacs session, to prevent you from losing the ability to interact with the Emacs session. Note that when Emacs is run as a daemon (Emacs Server), there is always a virtual frame that remains after all the ordinary, interactive frames are deleted. In this case, C-x 5 0 can delete the last interactive frame; you can use emacsclient to reconnect to the Emacs session. The C-x 5 1 (delete-other-frames) command deletes all other frames on the current terminal (this terminal refers to either a graphical display, or a text terminal; Non-Window Terminals). If the Emacs session has frames open on other graphical displays or text terminals, those are not deleted. The C-x 5 o (other-frame) command selects the next frame on the current terminal. If you are using Emacs on the X Window System with a window manager that selects (or gives focus to) whatever frame the mouse cursor is over, you have to change the variable focus-follows-mouse to t in order for this command to work properly. Then invoking C-x 5 o will also warp the mouse cursor to the chosen frame.

By default, Emacs displays text on graphical displays using a 10-point monospace font, and the font size can be changed interactively (Text Scale). There are several different ways to specify a different font:

• Click on Set Default Font in the Options menu. This makes the selected font the default on all existing graphical frames. To save this for future sessions, click on Save Options in the Options menu.
• Add a line to your init file, modifying the variable default-frame-alist to specify the font parameter (Frame Parameters), like this: (add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(font . "DejaVu Sans Mono-10")) This makes the font the default on all graphical frames created after restarting Emacs with that init file.
• Add an emacs.font X resource setting to your X resource file, like this: emacs.font: DejaVu Sans Mono-12 You must restart X, or use the xrdb command, for the X resources file to take effect. Resources. Do not quote font names in X resource files.
• If you are running Emacs on the GNOME desktop, you can tell Emacs to use the default system font by setting the variable font-use-system-font to t (the default is nil). For this to work, Emacs must have been compiled with support for Gsettings (or the older Gconf). (To be specific, the Gsettings configuration names used are org.gnome.desktop.interface monospace-font-name and org.gnome.desktop.interface font-name.)
• Use the command line option -fn (or --font). Font X.

To check what font you're currently using, the C-u C-x = command can be helpful. It describes the character at point, and names the font that it's rendered in. There are four different ways to express a font name. The first is to use a Fontconfig pattern. Fontconfig patterns have the following form:

@var{fontname}[-@var{fontsize}][:@var{name1}=@var{values1}][:@var{name2}=@var{values2}]...

Within this format, any of the elements in brackets may be omitted. Here, fontname is the family name of the font, such as Monospace or DejaVu Sans Mono; fontsize is the point size of the font (one printer's point is about 1/72 of an inch); and the /name/=/values/ entries specify settings such as the slant and weight of the font. Each values may be a single value, or a list of values separated by commas. In addition, some property values are valid with only one kind of property name, in which case the /name/= part may be omitted. Here is a list of common font properties:

slant

One of italic, oblique, or roman.

weight

One of light, medium, demibold, bold or black.

style

Some fonts define special styles which are a combination of slant and weight. For instance, Dejavu Sans defines the book style, which overrides the slant and weight properties.

width

One of condensed, normal, or expanded.

spacing

One of monospace, proportional, dual-width, or charcell.

Here are some examples of Fontconfig patterns:

Monospace
Monospace-12
Monospace-12:bold
DejaVu Sans Mono:bold:italic
Monospace-12:weight=bold:slant=italic

For a more detailed description of Fontconfig patterns, see the Fontconfig manual, which is distributed with Fontconfig and available online at https://fontconfig.org/fontconfig-user.html. On MS-Windows, only the subset of the form fontname[-fontsize/] is supported for all fonts; the full Fontconfig pattern might not work for all of them. The second way to specify a font is to use a /GTK font pattern. These have the syntax

@var{fontname} [@var{properties}] [@var{fontsize}]

where fontname is the family name, properties is a list of property values separated by spaces, and fontsize is the point size. The properties that you may specify for GTK font patterns are as follows:

• Slant properties: Italic or Oblique. If omitted, the default (roman) slant is implied.
• Weight properties: Bold, Book, Light, Medium, Semi-bold, or Ultra-light. If omitted, Medium weight is implied.
• Width properties: Semi-Condensed or Condensed. If omitted, a default width is used.

Here are some examples of GTK font patterns:

Monospace 12
Monospace Bold Italic 12

On MS-Windows, only the subset fontname is supported. The third way to specify a font is to use an XLFD (X Logical Font Description). This is the traditional method for specifying fonts under X, and is also supported on MS-Windows. Each XLFD consists of fourteen words or numbers, separated by dashes, like this:

-misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1

A wildcard character (*) in an XLFD matches any sequence of characters (including none), and ? matches any single character. However, matching is implementation-dependent, and can be inaccurate when wildcards match dashes in a long name. For reliable results, supply all 14 dashes and use wildcards only within a field. Case is insignificant in an XLFD. The syntax for an XLFD is as follows:

-@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{}
@dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{registry}-@var{encoding}

The entries have the following meanings:

maker

The name of the font manufacturer.

family

The name of the font family (e.g., courier).

weight

The font weight—normally either bold, medium or light. Some font names support other values.

slant

The font slant—normally r (roman), i (italic), o (oblique), ri (reverse italic), or ot (other). Some font names support other values.

widthtype

The font width—normally normal, condensed, semicondensed, or extended. Some font names support other values.

style

An optional additional style name. Usually it is empty—most XLFDs have two hyphens in a row at this point. The style name can also specify a two-letter ISO-639 language name, like ja or ko; some fonts that support CJK scripts have that spelled out in the style name part.

pixels

The font height, in pixels.

height

The font height on the screen, measured in tenths of a printer's point. This is the point size of the font, times ten. For a given vertical resolution, height and pixels are proportional; therefore, it is common to specify just one of them and use * for the other.

horiz

The horizontal resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for which the font is intended.

vert

The vertical resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for which the font is intended. Normally the resolution of the fonts on your system is the right value for your screen; therefore, you normally specify * for this and horiz.

spacing

This is m (monospace), p (proportional) or c (character cell).

width

The average character width, in pixels, multiplied by ten.

registry, encoding

The X font character set that the font depicts. (X font character sets are not the same as Emacs character sets, but they are similar.) You can use the xfontsel program to check which choices you have. Normally you should use iso8859 for registry and 1 for encoding.

The fourth and final method of specifying a font is to use a font nickname. Certain fonts have shorter nicknames, which you can use instead of a normal font specification. For instance, 6x13 is equivalent to

-misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1

This form is not supported on MS-Windows. On X, Emacs recognizes two types of fonts: client-side fonts, which are provided by the Xft and Fontconfig libraries, and server-side fonts, which are provided by the X server itself. Most client-side fonts support advanced font features such as antialiasing and subpixel hinting, while server-side fonts do not. Fontconfig and GTK patterns match only client-side fonts. You will probably want to use a fixed-width default font—that is, a font in which all characters have the same width. For Xft and Fontconfig fonts, you can use the fc-list command to list the available fixed-width fonts, like this:

fc-list :spacing=mono
fc-list :spacing=charcell

For server-side X fonts, you can use the xlsfonts program to list the available fixed-width fonts, like this:

xlsfonts -fn '*x*' | grep -E '^[0-9]+x[0-9]+'
xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-m*'
xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-c*'

Any font with m or c in the spacing field of the XLFD is a fixed-width font. To see what a particular font looks like, use the xfd command. For example:

xfd -fn 6x13

displays the entire font 6x13. While running Emacs, you can also set the font of a specific kind of text (Faces), or a particular frame (Frame Parameters).

The speedbar is a special frame for conveniently navigating in or operating on another frame. The speedbar, when it exists, is always associated with a specific frame, called its attached frame; all speedbar operations act on that frame. Type M-x speedbar to create the speedbar and associate it with the current frame. To dismiss the speedbar, type M-x speedbar again, or select the speedbar and type q. (You can also delete the speedbar frame like any other Emacs frame.) If you wish to associate the speedbar with a different frame, dismiss it and call M-x speedbar from that frame. The speedbar can operate in various modes. Its default mode is File Display mode, which shows the files in the current directory of the selected window of the attached frame, one file per line. Clicking on a non-directory visits that file in the selected window of the attached frame, and clicking on a directory shows that directory in the speedbar (Mouse References). Each line also has a box, [+] or <+>, that you can click on to expand the contents of that item. Expanding a directory adds the contents of that directory to the speedbar display, underneath the directory's own line. Expanding an ordinary file adds a list of the tags in that file to the speedbar display; you can click on a tag name to jump to that tag in the selected window of the attached frame. When a file or directory is expanded, the [+] changes to [-]; you can click on that box to contract the item, hiding its contents. You navigate through the speedbar using the keyboard, too. Typing RET while point is on a line in the speedbar is equivalent to clicking the item on the current line, and SPC expands or contracts the item. U displays the parent directory of the current directory. To copy, delete, or rename the file on the current line, type C, D, and R respectively. To create a new directory, type M. Another general-purpose speedbar mode is Buffer Display mode; in this mode, the speedbar displays a list of Emacs buffers. To switch to this mode, type b in the speedbar. To return to File Display mode, type f. You can also change the display mode by clicking mouse-3 anywhere in the speedbar window (or mouse-1 on the mode-line) and selecting Displays in the pop-up menu. Some major modes, including Rmail mode, Info, and GUD, have specialized ways of putting useful items into the speedbar for you to select. For example, in Rmail mode, the speedbar shows a list of Rmail files, and lets you move the current message to another Rmail file by clicking on its <M> box. For more details on using and programming the speedbar, Speedbar.

A single Emacs can talk to more than one X display. Initially, Emacs uses just one display—the one specified with the DISPLAY environment variable or with the --display option (Initial Options). To connect to another display, use the command make-frame-on-display:

M-x make-frame-on-display RET display RET

Create a new frame on display display.

A single X server can handle more than one screen. When you open frames on two screens belonging to one server, Emacs knows they share a single keyboard, and it treats all the commands arriving from these screens as a single stream of input. When you open frames on different X servers, Emacs makes a separate input stream for each server. Each server also has its own selected frame. The commands you enter with a particular X server apply to that server's selected frame. On multi-monitor displays it is possible to use the command make-frame-on-monitor:

M-x make-frame-on-monitor RET monitor RET

Create a new frame on monitor monitor whose screen area is a part of the current display.

You can control the default appearance and behavior of all frames by specifying a default list of frame parameters in the variable default-frame-alist. Its value should be a list of entries, each specifying a parameter name and a value for that parameter. These entries take effect whenever Emacs creates a new frame, including the initial frame. For example, you can add the following lines to your init file (Init File) to set the default frame width to 90 character columns, the default frame height to 40 character rows, and the default font to Monospace-10:

(add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(width  . 90))
(add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(height . 40))
(add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(font . "Monospace-10"))

For a list of frame parameters and their effects, see Frame Parameters. You can also specify a list of frame parameters which apply to just the initial frame, by customizing the variable initial-frame-alist. If Emacs is compiled to use an X toolkit, frame parameters that specify colors and fonts don't affect menus and the menu bar, since those are drawn by the toolkit and not directly by Emacs. Frame appearance and behavior can also be customized through X resources (X Resources); these override the parameters of the initial frame specified in your init file. Note that if you are using the desktop library to save and restore your sessions, the frames to be restored are recorded in the desktop file, together with their parameters. When these frames are restored, the recorded parameters take precedence over the frame parameters specified by default-frame-alist and initial-frame-alist in your init file. Saving Emacs Sessions, for how to avoid that.

On graphical displays, there is a vertical scroll bar on the side of each Emacs window. Clicking mouse-1 on the scroll bar's up and down buttons scrolls the window by one line at a time (but some toolkits allow you to customize the scroll bars to not have those buttons). Clicking mouse-1 above or below the scroll bar's inner box scrolls the window by nearly the entire height of the window, like M-v and C-v respectively (Moving Point). (This, too, can behave differently with some toolkits.) Dragging the inner box scrolls continuously. If Emacs is compiled on the X Window System without X toolkit support, the scroll bar behaves differently. Clicking mouse-1 anywhere on the scroll bar scrolls forward like C-v, while mouse-3 scrolls backward like M-v. Clicking mouse-2 in the scroll bar lets you drag the inner box up and down. To toggle the use of vertical scroll bars, type M-x scroll-bar-mode. This command applies to all frames, including frames yet to be created. To toggle vertical scroll bars for just the selected frame, use the command M-x toggle-scroll-bar. To control the use of vertical scroll bars at startup, customize the variable scroll-bar-mode (Customization). Its value should be either right (put scroll bars on the right side of windows), left (put them on the left), or nil (disable vertical scroll bars). By default, Emacs puts scroll bars on the right if it was compiled with GTK+ support on the X Window System, and on MS-Windows or macOS; Emacs puts scroll bars on the left if compiled on the X Window System without GTK+ support (following the old convention for X applications). You can also use the X resource verticalScrollBars to enable or disable the scroll bars (Resources). To control the scroll bar width, change the scroll-bar-width frame parameter (Frame Parameters). If you're using Emacs on X (with GTK+ or Motif), you can customize the variable scroll-bar-adjust-thumb-portion to control overscrolling of the scroll bar, i.e., dragging the thumb down even when the end of the buffer is visible. If its value is non-nil, the scroll bar can be dragged downwards even if the end of the buffer is shown; if nil, the thumb will be at the bottom when the end of the buffer is shown. You cannot over-scroll when the entire buffer is visible. The visual appearance of the scroll bars is controlled by the scroll-bar face. (Some toolkits, such as GTK+ and MS-Windows, ignore this face; the scroll-bar appearance there can only be customized system-wide, for GTK+ GTK resources). On graphical frames, vertical scroll bars implicitly serve to separate side-by-side windows visually. When vertical scroll bars are disabled, Emacs by default separates such windows with the help of a one-pixel wide vertical border. That border occupies the first pixel column of the window on the right and may thus overdraw the leftmost pixels of any glyph displayed there. If these pixels convey important information, you can make them visible by enabling window dividers, see Window Dividers. To replicate the look of vertical borders, set the right-divider-width parameter of frames to one and have the window-divider face inherit from that of vertical-border, Window Dividers. On graphical displays with toolkit support, Emacs may also supply a horizontal scroll bar on the bottom of each window. Clicking mouse-1 on that scroll bar's left and right buttons scrolls the window horizontally by one column at a time. (Note that some toolkits allow customizations of the scroll bar that cause these buttons not to be shown.) Clicking mouse-1 on the left or right of the scroll bar's inner box scrolls the window by four columns. Dragging the inner box scrolls the window continuously. Note that such horizontal scrolling can make the window's position of point disappear on the left or the right. Typing a character to insert text or moving point with a keyboard command will usually bring it back into view. To toggle the use of horizontal scroll bars, type M-x horizontal-scroll-bar-mode. This command applies to all frames, including frames yet to be created. To toggle horizontal scroll bars for just the selected frame, use the command M-x toggle-horizontal-scroll-bar. To control the use of horizontal scroll bars at startup, customize the variable horizontal-scroll-bar-mode. You can also use the X resource horizontalScrollBars to enable or disable horizontal scroll bars (Resources). To control the scroll bar height, change the scroll-bar-height frame parameter (Frame Parameters).

On graphical displays, you can use window dividers in order to separate windows visually. Window dividers are bars that can be dragged with the mouse, thus allowing you to easily resize adjacent windows. To toggle the display of window dividers, use the command M-x window-divider-mode. To customize where dividers should appear, use the option window-divider-default-places. Its value should be either bottom-only (to show dividers only on the bottom of windows), right-only (to show dividers only on the right of windows), or t (to show them on the bottom and on the right). To adjust the width of window dividers displayed by this mode customize the options window-divider-default-bottom-width and window-divider-default-right-width. When vertical scroll bars are disabled, dividers can be also useful to make the first pixel column of a window visible, which would be otherwise covered by the vertical border used to separate side-by-side windows (Scroll Bars). For more details about window dividers see Window Dividers.

In most graphical desktop environments, Emacs has basic support for drag and drop operations. For instance, dropping text onto an Emacs frame inserts the text where it is dropped. Dropping a file onto an Emacs frame visits that file. As a special case, dropping the file on a Dired buffer moves or copies the file (according to the conventions of the application it came from) into the directory displayed in that buffer. Dropping a file normally visits it in the window you drop it on. If you prefer to visit the file in a new window in such cases, customize the variable dnd-open-file-other-window. The XDND and Motif drag and drop protocols, and the old KDE 1.x protocol, are currently supported. Emacs can also optionally drag the region with the mouse into another portion of this or another buffer. To enable that, customize the variable mouse-drag-and-drop-region to a non-nil value. Normally, the text is moved, i.e. cut and pasted, when the destination is the same buffer as the origin; dropping the region on another buffer copies the text instead. If the value of this variable names a modifier key, such as shift, control or alt, then pressing that modifier key when dropping the text will copy it instead of cutting it, even if you drop on the same buffer as the one from which the text came. In order to cut text even when source and destination buffers differ, set the option mouse-drag-and-drop-region-cut-when-buffers-differ to a non-nil value. By default, on a graphic display the selected text is shown in a tooltip and point moves together with the mouse cursor during dragging. To suppress such behavior, set the options mouse-drag-and-drop-region-show-tooltip and/or mouse-drag-and-drop-region-show-cursor to nil.

You can toggle the use of menu bars with M-x menu-bar-mode. With no argument, this command toggles Menu Bar mode, a global minor mode. With an argument, the command turns Menu Bar mode on if the argument is positive, off if the argument is not positive. To control the use of menu bars at startup, customize the variable menu-bar-mode. Expert users often turn off the menu bar, especially on text terminals, where this makes one additional line available for text. If the menu bar is off, you can still pop up a menu of its contents with C-mouse-3 on a display which supports pop-up menus. Or you can enable context-menu-mode and customize the variable context-menu-functions to pop up a context menu with mouse-3. Menu Mouse Clicks. Menu Bar, for information on how to invoke commands with the menu bar. X Resources, for how to customize the menu bar menus' visual appearance.

On graphical displays, Emacs puts a tool bar at the top of each frame, just below the menu bar. This is a row of icons which you can click on with the mouse to invoke various commands. The global (default) tool bar contains general commands. Some major modes define their own tool bars; whenever a buffer with such a major mode is current, the mode's tool bar replaces the global tool bar. To toggle the use of tool bars, type M-x tool-bar-mode. This command applies to all frames, including frames yet to be created. To control the use of tool bars at startup, customize the variable tool-bar-mode. When Emacs is compiled with GTK+ support, each tool bar item can consist of an image, or a text label, or both. By default, Emacs follows the Gnome desktop's tool bar style setting; if none is defined, it displays tool bar items as just images. To impose a specific tool bar style, customize the variable tool-bar-style. You can also control the placement of the tool bar for the GTK+ tool bar with the frame parameter tool-bar-position. Frame Parameters. NS builds consider the tool bar to be a window decoration, and therefore do not display it when a window is undecorated. Frame Parameters. On macOS the tool bar is hidden when the frame is put into fullscreen, but can be displayed by moving the mouse pointer to the top of the screen.

On graphical displays and on text terminals, Emacs can optionally display a Tab Bar at the top of each frame, just below the menu bar (Menu Bars) and above or below the tool bar (Tool Bars) depending on the variable tab-bar-position. The Tab Bar is a row of tabs—buttons that you can click to switch between window configurations. Each tab on the Tab Bar represents a named persistent window configuration of its frame, i.e., how that frame is partitioned into windows and which buffer is displayed in each window. The tab's name is composed from the list of names of buffers shown in windows of that window configuration. Clicking on the tab switches to the window configuration recorded by the tab; it is a configuration of windows and buffers which was previously used in the frame when that tab was the current tab. If you are using the desktop library to save and restore your sessions (Saving Emacs Sessions), the tabs from the Tab Bar are recorded in the desktop file, together with their associated window configurations, and will be available after restoring the session. Note that the Tab Bar is different from the Tab Line (Tab Line). Whereas tabs on the Tab Line at the top of each window are used to switch between buffers in the window, tabs on the Tab Bar at the top of each frame are used to switch between window configurations containing several windows showing one or more buffers. To toggle the use of Tab Bars, type M-x tab-bar-mode. This command applies to all frames, including frames yet to be created. To control the use of tab bars at startup, customize the variable tab-bar-mode and save your customization. The variable tab-bar-show controls whether the Tab Bar mode is turned on automatically. If the value is t, then tab-bar-mode is enabled when using the commands that create new tabs. The value 1 hides the tab bar when it has only one tab, and shows it again when more tabs are created. More generally, a value that is a non-negative integer causes the Tab Bar to be displayed only if the number of tabs is greater than that integer. The value nil always keeps the Tab Bar hidden; in this case it's still possible to switch between named window configurations without displaying the Tab Bar by using M-x tab-next, M-x tab-switcher, and other commands that provide completion on tab names. Also it's possible to create and close tabs without the Tab Bar by using commands M-x tab-new, M-x tab-close, etc. Note that a numerical value of tab-bar-show can cause the Tab Bar to be displayed on some frames, but not on others, depending on the number of tabs created on each frame. To toggle the use of the Tab Bar only on the selected frame, type M-x toggle-frame-tab-bar. This command allows to enable the display of the Tab Bar on some frames and disable it on others, regardless of the values of tab-bar-mode and tab-bar-show. The prefix key C-x t is analogous to C-x 5. Whereas each C-x 5 command pops up a buffer in a different frame (Creating Frames), the C-x t commands use a different tab with a different window configuration in the selected frame. The various C-x t commands differ in how they find or create the buffer to select. The following commands can be used to select a buffer in a new tab:

C-x t 2

Add a new tab (tab-new). You can control the choice of the buffer displayed in a new tab by customizing the variable tab-bar-new-tab-choice. You can control the names given by default to new tabs by customizing the variable tab-bar-tab-name-function.

C-x t b bufname RET

Select buffer bufname in another tab. This runs switch-to-buffer-other-tab.

C-x t f filename RET

Visit the file filename (Visiting) and select its buffer in another tab. This runs find-file-other-tab.

C-x t d directory RET

Edit the specified directory (Dired) in another tab. This runs dired-other-tab.

C-x t t

This is a prefix command (other-tab-prefix) that affects the next command invoked immediately after this prefix command. It requests the buffer displayed by the next command to be shown in another tab.

By default, a new tab starts with the buffer that was current before calling the command that adds a new tab. To start a new tab with other buffers, customize the variable tab-bar-new-tab-choice. The variable tab-bar-new-tab-to defines where to place a new tab. By default, a new tab is added on the right side of the current tab. The following commands can be used to delete tabs:

C-x t 0

Close the selected tab (tab-close). This has no effect if there is only one tab, unless the variable tab-bar-close-last-tab-choice is customized to a non-default value.

C-x t 1

Close all tabs, except the selected tab, on the selected frame.

The variable tab-bar-close-tab-select defines what tab to select after closing the current tab. By default, it selects a recently used tab. The command tab-undo restores the last closed tab. The following commands can be used to switch between tabs:

C-x t o, C-TAB

Switch to the next tab (tab-next). If you repeat this command, it cycles through all the tabs on the selected frame. With a positive numeric argument n, it switches to the n/th next tab; with a negative argument -/n, it switches back to the /n/th previous tab.

S-C-TAB

Switch to the previous tab (tab-previous). With a positive numeric argument n, it switches to the n/th previous tab; with a negative argument -/n, it switches to the /n/th next tab.

C-x t RET tabname RET

Switch to the tab by its name (tab-switch), with completion on all tab names. The default value and the "future history" of tab names is sorted by recency, so you can use M-n (next-history-element) to get the name of the last visited tab, the second last, and so on.

modifier-tab-number

Switch to the tab by its number tab-number (tab-select). After customizing the variable tab-bar-select-tab-modifiers to specify one or more modifier keys, you can select a tab by its ordinal number using one of the specified modifiers in combination with the tab number to select. The number 9 can be used to select the last tab. You can select any modifiers supported by Emacs, Modifier Keys. To display the tab number alongside the tab name, you can customize another variable tab-bar-tab-hints. This will help you decide which numerical key to press to select the tab by its number.

modifier-9

Switch to the last tab (tab-last). The key combination is the modifier key defined by tab-bar-select-tab-modifiers and the key 9. With a numeric argument n, switch to the /n/th last tab.

modifier-0

Switch to the recent tab (tab-recent). The key combination is the modifier key defined by tab-bar-select-tab-modifiers and the key 0. With a numeric argument n, switch to the /n/th recent tab.

The following commands can be used to operate on tabs:

C-x t r tabname RET

Rename the current tab to tabname (tab-rename).

C-x t m

Move the current tab one position to the right (tab-move). With a positive numeric argument n, move it that many positions to the right; with a negative argument -n, move it n positions to the left.

You can use the mouse to operate on tabs. Clicking mouse-2 closes the tab. Clicking mouse-3 pops up the context menu with the items that operate on the clicked tab. Dragging the tab with mouse-1 moves it to another position on the tab bar. Mouse wheel scrolling switches to the next or previous tab. Holding down the SHIFT key during scrolling moves the tab to the left or right. You can enable tab-bar-history-mode to remember window configurations used in every tab, and later restore them.

M-x tab-bar-history-back

Restore a previous window configuration used in the current tab. This navigates back in the history of window configurations.

M-x tab-bar-history-forward

Cancel restoration of the previous window configuration. This moves forward in the history of window configurations.

It's possible to customize the items displayed on the tab bar by the user option tab-bar-format.

A dialog box is a special kind of menu for asking you a yes-or-no question or some other special question. Many Emacs commands use a dialog box to ask a yes-or-no question, if you used the mouse to invoke the command that led to the question. To disable the use of dialog boxes, change the variable use-dialog-box to nil. In that case, Emacs always performs yes-or-no prompts using the echo area and keyboard input. This variable also controls whether to use file selection windows (but those are not supported on all platforms). A file selection window is a special kind of dialog box for asking for file names. You can customize the variable use-file-dialog to suppress the use of file selection windows, even if you still want other kinds of dialogs. This variable has no effect if you have suppressed all dialog boxes with the variable use-dialog-box. When Emacs is compiled with GTK+ support, it uses the GTK+ file chooser dialog. Emacs adds an additional toggle button to this dialog, which you can use to enable or disable the display of hidden files (files starting with a dot) in that dialog. If you want this toggle to be activated by default, change the variable x-gtk-show-hidden-files to t. In addition, Emacs adds help text to the GTK+ file chooser dialog; to disable this help text, change the variable x-gtk-file-dialog-help-text to nil.

Tooltips are small special frames that display text information at the current mouse position. They activate when there is a pause in mouse movement over some significant piece of text in a window, or the mode line, or some other part of the Emacs frame such as a tool bar button or menu item. You can toggle the use of tooltips with the command M-x tooltip-mode. When Tooltip mode is disabled, the help text is displayed in the echo area instead. To control the use of tooltips at startup, customize the variable tooltip-mode. The following variables provide customization options for tooltip display: @vtable @code - tooltip-delay This variable specifies how long Emacs should wait before displaying the first tooltip. The value is in seconds. - tooltip-short-delay This variable specifies how long Emacs should wait before displaying subsequent tooltips on different items, having already displayed the first tooltip. The value is in seconds. - tooltip-hide-delay The number of seconds since displaying a tooltip to hide it, if the mouse doesn't move. - tooltip-x-offset - tooltip-y-offset The X and Y offsets, in pixels, of the left top corner of the tooltip from the mouse pointer position. Note that these are ignored if tooltip-frame-parameters was customized to include, respectively, the left and top parameters. The values of the offsets should be chosen so that the tooltip doesn't cover the mouse pointer's hot spot, or it might interfere with clicking the mouse. - tooltip-frame-parameters The frame parameters used for displaying tooltips. Frame Parameters, and also Tooltips. @end vtable For additional customization options for displaying tooltips, use M-x customize-group RET tooltip RET. If Emacs is built with GTK+ support, it displays tooltips via GTK+, using the default appearance of GTK+ tooltips. To disable this, change the variable x-gtk-use-system-tooltips to nil. If you do this, or if Emacs is built without GTK+ support, most attributes of the tooltip text are specified by the tooltip face, and by X resources (X Resources). GUD tooltips are special tooltips that show the values of variables when debugging a program with GUD. Debugger Operation.

On graphical terminals, the mouse pointer may obscure the text in the Emacs frame. Emacs provides two methods to avoid this problem. Firstly, Emacs hides the mouse pointer each time you type a self-inserting character, if the pointer lies inside an Emacs frame; moving the mouse pointer makes it visible again. To disable this feature, set the variable make-pointer-invisible to nil. Display Custom. Secondly, you can use Mouse Avoidance mode, a minor mode, to keep the mouse pointer away from point. To use Mouse Avoidance mode, customize the variable mouse-avoidance-mode. You can set this to various values to move the mouse in several ways:

banish

Move the pointer to a corner of the frame on any key-press. You can customize the variable mouse-avoidance-banish-position to specify where the pointer goes when it is banished.

exile

Banish the pointer only if the cursor gets too close, and allow it to return once the cursor is out of the way.

jump

If the cursor gets too close to the pointer, displace the pointer by a random distance and direction.

animate

As jump, but shows steps along the way for illusion of motion.

cat-and-mouse

The same as animate.

proteus

As animate, but changes the shape of the mouse pointer too.

You can also use the command M-x mouse-avoidance-mode to enable the mode. Whenever Mouse Avoidance mode moves the mouse, it also raises the frame.

On a text terminal, Emacs can display only one Emacs frame at a time. However, you can still create multiple Emacs frames, and switch between them. Switching frames on these terminals is much like switching between different window configurations. Use C-x 5 2 to create a new frame and switch to it; use C-x 5 o to cycle through the existing frames; use C-x 5 0 to delete the current frame. Each frame has a number to distinguish it. If your terminal can display only one frame at a time, the selected frame's number n appears near the beginning of the mode line, in the form F/n/. F/n/ is in fact the frame's initial name. You can give frames more meaningful names if you wish, and you can select a frame by its name. Use the command M-x set-frame-name =RET name RET= to specify a new name for the selected frame, and use M-x select-frame-by-name RET name RET to select a frame according to its name. The name you specify appears in the mode line when the frame is selected.

Some text terminals support mouse clicks in the terminal window. In a terminal emulator which is compatible with xterm, you can use M-x xterm-mouse-mode to give Emacs control over simple uses of the mouse—basically, only non-modified single clicks are supported. Newer versions of xterm also support mouse-tracking. The normal xterm mouse functionality for such clicks is still available by holding down the SHIFT key when you press the mouse button. Xterm Mouse mode is a global minor mode (Minor Modes). Repeating the command turns the mode off again. In the console on GNU/Linux, you can use M-x gpm-mouse-mode to enable mouse support. You must have the gpm server installed and running on your system in order for this to work. Note that when this mode is enabled, you cannot use the mouse to transfer text between Emacs and other programs which use GPM. This is due to limitations in GPM and the Linux kernel. MS-DOS Mouse, for information about mouse support on MS-DOS.